‍Introduction In today’s interconnected world, the convergence of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) has provided industries like manufacturing and energy with significant efficiencies. However, this integration has also introduced new vulnerabilities, making OT systems attractive targets for cybercriminals. Traditional IT security measures are often insufficient in addressing the

In the realm of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) security, the Purdue Model, also known as the Purdue Reference Model, has emerged as a prominent framework for establishing a secure and efficient architecture. Initially developed in the 1990s, the Purdue Model provides a reference for data flows in Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM),

‍ ‍ In today’s digital landscape, the convergence of Operational Technology (OT) and Information Technology (IT) has become increasingly prevalent. As organizations across industries embrace the Fourth Industrial Revolution and embark on digital transformation journeys, it is crucial to understand the distinctions between IT and OT cybersecurity. This article will

‍ Recently cybersecurity has emerged as a top priority for organizations across various sectors. Manufacturing companies, in particular, have experienced a significant increase in cyber attacks, with approximately 90% of them being affected in 2021 alone. The energy sector is also vulnerable to such attacks, as evidenced by the May